Data scientists want to know if listening to music or podcasts reduce symptoms of stress in individuals. They conducted a study of 1,000 people who were brought into a laboratory office for testing. While wearing a heart-rate monitor, participants were asked to listen to either music or a podcast of their choosing while completing a series of complicated puzzles. The data scientists discovered that on average, participants who listened to music had a 5% lower heart rate while completing the tasks than those who listened topodcasts.

Before publishing their findings, the data scientists have asked you to review their claim. In the space below, indicate possible threats to validity faced by this study.

These materials were developed partly through support of the National Science Foundation, (awards 1042210, 1535276, 1648684, and 1738598). CCbadge Bootstrap by the Bootstrap Community is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Unported License. This license does not grant permission to run training or professional development. Offering training or professional development with materials substantially derived from Bootstrap must be approved in writing by a Bootstrap Director. Permissions beyond the scope of this license, such as to run training, may be available by contacting contact@BootstrapWorld.org.